Direct and Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) When we want to convey what someone else has said or expressed, we use two methods: Direct and Indirect Speech. For example, if John says, “I like swimming”: Let’s look at more examples: Here are some tense and modal verb changes when reporting speech: Modal verbs change as follows […]
GERUNDS (-ING) A gerund is a verb form used as a noun. It can function as the subject of a sentence or as an object. For example: Here are some common verbs and expressions that are followed by gerunds: Some prepositions (on, at, in) are followed by gerunds: Additionally, the following expressions are followed by
GERUNDS (-ING) AND INFINITIVES (-TO) Read More »
PRESENT TENSE / Simple Present / -er, -ar INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR REFERENCE Present Tense Use: The simple present is used to describe a common action. In this usage, time expressions (time adverbs) are used, such as: Adverbs of Frequency In addition to the information provided in the Elementary section: The Present Simple is used in newspaper
Be/Get Used To If something is new and not strange to us, we use “used to.” I am Turkish but I live in Germany. When I came to Turkey last summer, I found it really difficult because the traffic was very dense in Turkey; In this case, we can say: I was not used to
In English, there are several modal auxiliary verbs that are used to express different degrees of possibility, probability, and certainty. Here’s a breakdown of how these modals are used: 1. Possibility: 2. Certainty: In summary, “may” and “might” are used to express possibilities, with “may” indicating a slightly higher degree of certainty than “might.” On
POSSIBILITY, PROBABILITY, CERTAINTY Read More »
Either, neither In English, we use connector adverbs like ‘neither’ and ‘either’ when we want to introduce another negative idea into the conversation. Neither We use ‘neither’ when talking about actions we haven’t done or don’t like: Alex can’t speak Spanish. – Neither can Dia. (Notice that the response is in the same pattern ‘can’-
EITHER , NEITHER, SO , TOO Read More »
Words that take both -ing and -to, but with a change in meaning Forget I forgot to turn off the computer. ( forget to turn off ) I forgot turning off the computer. ( forget a past action ) In the first sentence he forgets something he has to do. (forget to do), whereas
THE INFINITIVE (TO) AND GERUND (ING) / LESSON 3 Read More »
Modal Verbs in English In English, modal verbs are used to convey various meanings to the main verb. Could / May / Might: Used when the speaker is uncertain: That could be the right bus. – This might be the correct bus. The job you are applying for might be difficult. – The job you’re
MODALS / DEDUCTION AND SPECULATION LESSON 2 Read More »
Indefinite Pronouns in English Like in many languages, in English, we use certain expressions instead of repeating a specific noun. These expressions not only help avoid repetition but also add fluency to the sentence. These pronouns, like he, she, and it in subject pronouns, take -s, -es, or -ies endings when the verb is in
SOMEONE, SOMETHING, EVERYONE, EVERYTHING Read More »
Passive 2 As mentioned earlier, passive voice is used for actions and processes where the doer is not specified. It is also used in formal writings and news to emphasize the action rather than the subject. Note that verbs are used in their third form after the auxiliary verb. Now, let’s look at how passive
